UK Pivots to Short-Term Debt to Tame Borrowing Costs Amid Bank of England Risk Warnings

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[1] Transcript: Bonds vs budgets - Financial Times (https://www.ft.com/content/8d7dcd7c-bdb2-4755 ...)[2] Bank of England sees risks from AI, private credit and gilt repo in half-yearly update - Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards ...)[3] Bonds vs budgets - Financial Times (https://www.ft.com/content/f4036e2a-fad5-4844 ...)

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Dec 04 2025, 13:06

US Job Cuts Surge as AI Reshapes Workforce

## Executive Summary November labor market reports present a bearish outlook for the U.S. economy, characterized by a significant rise in announced corporate layoffs and an unexpected contraction in private sector employment. Data from both **Challenger, Gray & Christmas** and **ADP** indicate a cooling labor market, with small businesses disproportionately affected. This downturn is not merely cyclical; a substantial number of job cuts are being linked to the adoption of **Artificial Intelligence**, signaling a structural transformation in the workforce that has significant implications for future employment, particularly for white-collar and entry-level positions. ## The Event in Detail According to a report from executive outplacement firm **Challenger, Gray & Christmas**, U.S.-based employers announced 71,321 job cuts in November, a 24% increase compared to the same month last year. A significant factor in this year's cuts has been technology, with **AI** being cited as the reason for 54,694 eliminated positions to date. Compounding this trend, the **ADP National Employment Report** revealed that private sector employment decreased by 32,000 jobs in November, falling well short of the Dow Jones consensus estimate for a 40,000-job gain. The decline was driven by small businesses (fewer than 50 employees), which shed 120,000 jobs. In contrast, larger businesses (50 or more employees) added a net 90,000 workers. Sector-specific losses were most pronounced in professional and business services (-26,000), information services (-20,000), and manufacturing (-18,000). The data also pointed to slowing wage growth, with year-over-year pay increases for job-stayers moderating to 4.4%. ## Market Implications The weakening labor data is a critical input for the **Federal Reserve** ahead of its December policy meeting. A cooling job market and moderating wage inflation typically support arguments for monetary easing or a pause in rate hikes. The unexpected job losses reported by **ADP** could incline the central bank toward a more dovish stance to forestall a broader economic slowdown. However, the structural nature of the job displacement, driven by **AI**, complicates the policy outlook. While automation may suppress wage inflation in the long term, the immediate impact is rising unemployment and reduced consumer spending, which presents a near-term risk to economic stability. ## Expert Commentary **Nela Richardson**, Chief Economist at **ADP**, noted the broad-based nature of the slowdown. "Hiring has been choppy of late as employers weather cautious consumers and an uncertain macroeconomic environment," she stated, emphasizing that the trend was "led by a pullback among small businesses." Providing a stark long-term warning, **Senator Mark Warner** (D-VA) expressed concern that the unemployment rate for recent college graduates could reach 25% within five years due to **AI**. He highlighted that the primary issue is not just layoffs, but "job dislocation that takes place in terms of jobs not being created in the first place," citing that major banks are already reducing intern and first-year hiring by half. Former U.S. Treasury Secretary **Robert Rubin** echoed these concerns, describing the challenge of **AI**-driven job displacement as a "vast multiple" of what was faced during previous economic shifts like NAFTA. ## Broader Context The November job data underscores a fundamental shift in the labor market, where **AI** is moving from a theoretical disruptor to a tangible force in corporate strategy. The trend is impacting not only routine jobs but also white-collar professions that were previously considered secure. **Senator Warner**’s call for a proactive, data-driven approach to measuring and managing this transition highlights the growing consensus that inaction is a significant policy risk. The failure to implement regulatory guardrails for the social media industry serves as a cautionary precedent for the potentially larger societal disruption posed by artificial intelligence.

Dec 04 2025, 09:06

Fed Considers Bond Purchases as Labor Market Falters

## The Event in Detail The **Federal Reserve** is signaling a potential pivot in monetary policy following signs of a significant slowdown in the U.S. labor market. The latest **ADP** National Employment Report revealed that private employers shed 32,000 jobs in November, a stark contrast to economists' forecasts of a 40,000-job gain. This marks the third month of job losses in the last four, representing the weakest stretch for the labor market since the pandemic. In response to these figures, analysts anticipate the central bank may launch a new program called **Reserve Management Purchases (RMP)**. This initiative is designed to increase liquidity in the financial system through the monthly purchase of short-term Treasury bills. Projections suggest the RMP could result in a net increase of $20 billion to the Fed's balance sheet each month, a move described by some as a "new generation of QE." ## Market Implications Financial markets have reacted swiftly to the prospect of renewed easing. Yields on ultra short-dated U.S. Treasury bills, a key proxy for near-term Fed rate expectations, have fallen sharply. The one-month bill yield declined nearly 25 basis points over four days, indicating that traders have fully priced in a quarter-point interest rate cut at the upcoming Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting. According to the **CME Group's FedWatch** tool, futures markets now reflect an 88% chance of such a cut. In equity markets, the reaction has been nuanced. The small-cap **Russell 2000** index has strongly outperformed, rising nearly 2% in a recent session, suggesting a potential rotation into smaller companies as investors anticipate a more accommodative monetary environment. This move occurred even as job losses were concentrated among small businesses. Meanwhile, the U.S. dollar has weakened against a basket of major currencies. ## Expert Commentary Economists have underscored the severity of the labor market's decline and its likely impact on Fed policy. Heather Long, chief economist at **Navy Federal Credit Union**, offered a stark assessment: > "This is no longer a low-hiring job market; it’s a start-to-fire job market." Sal Guatieri, a senior economist at **BMO Capital Markets**, pointed to external economic pressures as a contributing factor, noting that small firms may be "struggling more to adapt to tariff-related supply disruptions." From a central bank perspective, the Fed appears to be in a better position to intervene. Bill Nelson, chief economist for the **Bank Policy Institute** and a former top Fed staffer, noted that the Fed has halted its recent string of losses and "appears to be on track for the combined profits of the 12 Reserve Banks to be over $2 billion in the current quarter." ## Broader Context This potential policy shift occurs as the **Federal Reserve** achieves a degree of financial stability after a period of unprecedented losses. These losses were a direct result of its pandemic-era bond-buying spree, which swelled its balance sheet to a peak of $9 trillion by mid-2022. The subsequent sharp interest rate hikes to combat inflation created a mismatch between its income from bond holdings and the interest paid to banks. However, recent rate cuts have largely ended this period of "negative carry," and the Fed's deferred asset account, which captures these losses, has begun to shrink from a high of $243.8 billion. With its own finances stabilizing, the Fed has greater latitude to address macroeconomic concerns like the weakening job market. The proposed RMP program represents a strategic tool to inject liquidity without resorting to the large-scale quantitative easing seen in the past. This development also aligns with a broader international focus on financial risk management, as exemplified by the **International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)** proposing a new accounting model for how financial institutions report and manage interest rate risk.

Dec 04 2025, 08:33

US Debt Sparks Bond Collapse, Gold Bull Run Warnings

## Executive Summary This report details mounting warnings from prominent financial experts regarding the precarious state of the U.S. financial system. The primary drivers of this risk are the unsustainable trajectory of U.S. government debt and the increasing politicization of the Federal Reserve's monetary policy. While markets are currently reacting to the prospect of lower interest rates, with gold prices rising, the underlying structural issues point toward a potential U.S. bond market collapse and a significant future reversal in the gold bull market. The potential appointment of a new, more dovish Fed Chair is a focal point, creating a sharp divergence between short-term market optimism and long-term systemic risk. ## The Event in Detail Louis-Vincent Gave, CEO of **Gavekal**, has forecast a potential collapse of the U.S. bond market, attributing the risk to a "foregone conclusion" of a merger between the **Federal Reserve** and the **U.S. Treasury**. This view is echoed by former Treasury Secretary and Goldman Sachs co-chairman **Robert Rubin**, who has drawn parallels between the current market complacency and the period preceding the "Black Monday" crash of October 19, 1987. At the core of these concerns is the U.S. national debt. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that debt held by the public will reach 99.8% of GDP in fiscal year 2025, double the 50-year historical average of 51%. Rubin noted this is a significant increase from 30% in 2000 and cited forecasts from the Budget Lab at Yale suggesting the ratio could climb to a more realistic 130-140%. Rubin stated that while the timing is "impossible to predict," the nation is running a significant risk by continuing on an unsound fiscal path. ## Market Implications ### U.S. Treasuries Under Pressure The alignment of fiscal and monetary policy, often referred to as fiscal dominance, poses a direct threat to the U.S. bond market. If the **Federal Reserve** is perceived as monetizing government debt to keep borrowing costs low—effectively inflating its way out of the problem—investor confidence could erode rapidly. This scenario, warned against by Rubin, could trigger a sharp sell-off in U.S. Treasuries as investors demand higher yields to compensate for rising inflation and credit risk. ### Gold's Dual Narrative Gold prices have rallied, with spot prices recently trading around $4,217 per ounce, supported by weak economic data and rising expectations of a **Federal Reserve** rate cut. The probability of a 25-basis-point cut at the December FOMC meeting is currently priced at approximately 89%. However, **Gavekal** presents a contrarian long-term thesis. Gave predicts that an appreciation in Asian currencies around 2026 could end the current gold bull market. Such a currency shift would incentivize Asian investors to repatriate capital, reducing a significant source of demand for the precious metal. ### Federal Reserve Policy at a Crossroads The selection of the next Fed Chair is a critical variable. Markets are pricing in a 75-85% probability that President Trump will nominate **Kevin Hassett**, his top economic advisor. Hassett is widely viewed as a dovish figure who would favor lower interest rates to stimulate growth, aligning with the administration's political goals. This contrasts sharply with the other leading candidate, **Christopher Waller**, a current Fed governor and career central banker seen as a technocrat more likely to defend the institution's independence. An analysis by *The Economist* explicitly endorsed Waller, arguing for a "technocrat over the partisan" to maintain the Fed's credibility. A Hassett-led Fed could lead to more aggressive rate cuts and a higher tolerance for inflation, potentially weakening the dollar and steepening the yield curve as investors price in higher long-term risks. ## Expert Commentary > "When I talk to people in the markets, I say there is one date you ought to keep in mind: Oct. 19, 1987," stated **Robert Rubin** at the CNBC CFO Council Summit, highlighting the danger of market complacency in the face of excessive debt. **Louis-Vincent Gave** has warned that the "merger of the Federal Reserve and the Treasury is a foregone conclusion," directly linking this to a potential bond market collapse. Economist **Mohamed El-Erian** has also weighed in, stating that while the Fed needs reform, political leaders must "cool it" and cease treating the central bank as a tool for short-term political objectives. ## Broader Context The current situation places the independence of the **Federal Reserve** under an intense spotlight. The potential for **Kevin Hassett** to become a "shadow Fed chair" for five months before his term officially begins could influence policy and market expectations well in advance. This is compounded by an administration that is actively seeking to reshape the Fed's board with loyalists. This dynamic is not occurring in a vacuum. It reflects a global tension between the need for credible, data-driven monetary policy to control inflation and rising political pressure for lower interest rates to manage high debt loads and stimulate economies. The ultimate resolution of this conflict in the U.S. will have profound consequences for global markets, the role of the U.S. dollar, and the viability of capital-intensive growth sectors like Artificial Intelligence, which Gavekal suggests is also at a potential turning point.